REFERENCES AND NOTES

1. J. Veverka, J. Goguen, S. Yang, J. Elliot, Icarus 34 406 (1978).

2. B. A. Smith et al., Space Sci. Rev. 21, 103 (1977), G. E . Danielson et al., J. Geophys. Res. 8683 (1981) . The Voyager images are radiometrically calibrated and expressed in terms of I/F, where I is the measured radiance in a particular spectral bandpass and F is the solar irradiance in the same bandpass.

3. J. T. Bergstralh and K. H. Baines in Uranus and Neptune, 7. T. Bergstralh, Ed. (NASA Conf: Publ. 2330, 1984), pp. 179-212.

4. J. B. Pollack et al., Icarus, in press.

5. G. L. Tyler et al., Science 233, 79 (1986)

6. R. Hanel et al., ibid. p. 70.

7. B. J. Conrath et al., J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8769 (1981), J. A. Pirragha et al., Nature (London) 292 677 (1981), A. P. Ingersoll et al., in Saturn, T. Gehrels and M. S. Matthews, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1984), pp. 195-238.

8. R. A. West, P. N. Kupferman, H. Art, Icarus 61, 311 (1985).

9. K. Rages, J. B. Pollack, P. H. Smith, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 8721 (1983).

10. F. Franklin et al., Astrophys. J. 236, 1031 (1980), J. Elliot et al., 86, 444 (1981).

11. A. P. Ingersoll et al., J. Geophys. Res. 86, 8733 (1981);. A. Sromovsky et al., ibid. 88, 8650 (1983).

12. J . W. Warwick et al., Science 233, 102 (1986); N. F. Ness et al. (25).

13. P. L. Read, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 112, 253 (1986).

14. J. R. Holton, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (Academic Press, New York, ed. 2, 1979), pp. 68-71.

15. D. J. Stevenson, Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn. 21 113 (1982), _________ Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 10, 257 (l982); private communication.

16. A. P. Ingersoll and D. Pollard, Icarus 52,62 (1982).

17. J. L. Elliot and P. D. Nicholson, in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1984), pp. 25-72.

18. P. D. Nicholson and K. Matthews, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 15, 816 (1983).

19. R. J. French, J. L. Elliot, S. E. Levine, Icarus, in press.

20. P. D. Nicholson, T. J. Jones, K. Matthews, Proc. IAU Colloq. 75, 169 (1984).

21. R. J. Terrile and B. A. Smith, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 16, 657 (1984).

22. J. N. Cuzzi, Icarus 63, 312 (1985).

23. The reflectivity I/F of a ring of finite normal optical depth tau is a function of tau, the cosines of the solar and spacecraft elevation angles mu_0 and mu, the value of the angular variation of scattered brightness, or phase function of the particle P(theta) at phase angle theta, and the angle-integrated single-scattering albedo omega_0 (22). The reflectivity of an individual particle is the product omega_0P(theta). For low optical depths, the exact expression for I/F reduces to the product omega_0P(theta)tau/4mu.

24. A. L. Lane et al., Science 233, 65 (1986).

25. N. F. Ness et al., ibid., p. 85.

26. A. L. Broadfoot et al., ibid., p. 74.

27. J. A. Burns et al., Nature (London) 316, 115 (1985).

28. P. Goldreich and S. Tremaine, ibid. 277,97 (1979).

29. C. Porco, thesis, California Institute of Technology (1983); L. W. Esposito et al., Science 222, 57 (1983); C. Porco et al., Icarus 60, 1 (1984).

30. J. N. Cuzzi et al., in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1984), pp. 73-199.

31. J. A. Burns et al., Icarus 44, 339 (1980);J. A. Burns et al., in Planetary Rings, R. Greenberg and A. Brahic, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1984), pp. 200-272.

32. J. A. Burns, personal communication.

33. S. F. Dermott and C. Murray, Icarus 48, 1 (1981).

34. L. J. Horn, A. L. Lane, J. N. Cuzzi, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 17, 717 (1985).

35. P. Goldreich and S. Tremaine, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 20, 249 (1982); J. Lissauer and J. N. Cuzzi, Astron. J. 87, 1051 (1982).

36. J. N. Cuzzi and J. D. Scargle, Astrophys. J. 292, 276 (1985)

37. P. Goldreich, personal communication.

38. C. Porco et al., Icarus 60, 17 (1984); N. Borderies, P. Goldreich, S. Tremaine, Nature (London) 299, 209 (1982).

39. R. Greenberg, Icarus 24, 325 (1975); ibid. 29, 427 (1976), in Dynamics of the Solar System, L. Duncombe, Ed. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1979), p. 177; in Uranus and Neptune, J. T. Bergstralh, Ed. (NASA Conf Publ. 2330, 1984) p. 463; C. Veillet, thesis, University of Paris (1984); S. F. Dermott and P. D. Nicholson, preprint (1985).

40. R. H. Brown, in Uranus and Neptune, J. T. Bergstralh, Ed. (NASA Conf Publ. 2330, 1984), p. 137; D. P. Cruikshank and R. H. Brown, in Satellites, J. Burns and M. S. Matthews, Eds. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, in press).

41. S. Squyres, R. Reynolds, J. Lissauer, Icarus 61, 218 (198S).

42. S. J. Peale, in Planetary Satellites, J. A. Burns, Ed (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1977), pp. 87-112

43. R. H. Brown and R. N. Clark, Icarus 58, 288 (1984).

44. R. H. Brown, D. P. Cruikshank, D. Morrison, Nature (London) 300, 423 (1982).

45. D. P. Cruikshank, Icarus 41, 246 (1980 and R. H. Brown, ibid. 45, 607 (1981).

46. B. T. Soifer, G. Neugerbauer, K. Matthews, ibid. 45, 612 (1981).

47. R. H. Brown and D. P. Cruikshank, ibid. 55, 83 (1983).

48. R. H. Brown, ibid. 56, 414 (1983).

49. J. Laskar and C. Yoder, private communication.

50. J. Goguen, H. Hammel, R. H. Brown, Icarus, in press.

51. B. Hapke, ibid., in press.

52. K. D. Pang and J. W. Rhoads, Abstr. IAU Colloq. 77, 40 (1983); B. Hapke, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 15, 856 (1983)

53. B. A. Smith et al., Science 212, 163 (1981); B. A. Smith et al., ibid. 215, 504 (1982).

54. K. E. Herkenhoff and D. J. Stevenson, Abstr. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 15, 361 (1984).

55. D. J. Stevenson, in Uranus and Neptune, J. T. Bergstralh, Ed. (NASA Conf Publ. 2330, 1984), p. 405.

56. T. Owen, in Ices in the Solar System, I. P. Klinger et al., Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985), p. 731.

57. Q. R. Passey and E. M. Shoemaker, in Satellites of Jupiter, D. Morrison, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press Tucson, 1982), p. 177.

58. Although Veillet (39) recently estimated masses from analysis of astrometric data, the errors in these estimates for the outer satellites were later found to be so large as to be indeterminate [S. F. Dermott and P. D. Nicholson, Nature (London) 319, 115 (1986)].

59. E. Everhart, Astrophys. J . Lett. 10, 131 (1972); E. Everhart, in Comets, Asteroids and Meteorites, A. H. Delsernme, Ed. (Univ. of Toledo Press, Toledo; OH, 1977), p. 99.

60. E. M. Shoemaker and R. F. Wolfe, in Satellites of Jupiter, D. Morrison, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1982), p. 277.

61. J. S. Lewis, Icarus 15, 175 (1971).

62. J. S. Lewis and R. G. Prinn, Astrophys. J. 238, 357 (1980); R. G. Prinn and B. Fegley, ibid. 249, 308 (1981).

63. G. Strazzulla, L. Calcagno, G. Foti, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 204, 59 (1983); L. Calcagno, G. Foti, L. Torrisi, G. Strazzulla, Icarus 63, 31 (1985); L. J. Lanzerotti, W. L. Brown, R. E. Johnson, in Ices in the Solar System, J. Klinger, Ed. (Reidel, Dordrecht, 1985), p.317; A. R. Cheng, in Uranus and Neptune, J. T. Bergstralh, Ed. (NASA Conf. Publ. 2330 1984), p. 541; W. R. Thompson, B. G. J. P. T. Murray, B. N. Khare, C. Sagan, preprint (1986).

64. D. P. Cruikshank et al., Icarus 53, 90 (1983); S. W. Squyres and C. Sagan, Nature (London) 303, 782 (1983).

65. J. Degewij and C. J. Van Hooten, in Asteroids, T. Gehrels, Ed. (Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson 1979), p. 417.

66. M. J. Lupo and J. S. Lewis, Icarus 44, 41 (1980).

67. We thank the Voyager spacecraft team for their outstanding efforts in reducing camera smear, A. Harch for her efforts in preparing the encounter sequence; D. Hinson for his help in the design of the high phase angle ring observation during the limbtrack maneuver, M. Ockert, B. Mostert, J. Gotobed and B. Owens for valuable technical support; M. Showalter, L. Dones, L. Doyle, J. Spencer, and D. Grinspoon for their assistance during encounter; D. A. Alexander, G. W. Garneau, E. P. Korsmo, S. K. LaVoie, H. B. de Rueda, S. T. Rifke, J. S. Shiflet, C. L. Stanley, E. T. Wachner, and L. A. Wainio, under the able direction of C. C. Avis, for image processing support through the encounter; R. M. Batson, P. M. Bridges, K. Edwards, E. M. Eliason, J. L. Inge, C. E. Isbell, K. F. Mullins, and T. L. Rock for cartographic and image proccessing support, J. A. Burns, P. Goldreich, F. Shu, P. D. Nicholson, C. Leovy, and D. J. Stevenson for helpful reviews and comments, R. A. Jacobson for assistance in developing the numerically integrated model of the ephemerides of the Uranian satellites and its application to fitting both the long intervals of Earth-based astrometric measurements and the Voyager optical data; R. F. Wolfe for her contributions to calculations of current Uranian cometary fluxes and the early collisional histories for the satellites, J. L. Anderson for coordination of the production of all imaging data products, E. Simien and E. Edwards for maintaining the Voyager Imaging Team data libraries and D. Weir and S. Bounds for editorial assistance.

8 April 1986; accepted 5 May 1986


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